Vaccine for a therapeutic or a prophylactic treatment of myasthenia gravis

ABSTRACT

Complementary peptide having at least a sequence complementary to a major immunogenic region of an acetylcholine receptor involved in myasthenia gravis, characterized in that the complementary peptide has at least a sequence SEQ. ID. NO1 with a tryptophan in position 8, carrying at least one optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. Therapeutic composition comprising the Complementary peptide according to the invention and use thereof for manufacturing a vaccine to be used in a therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of myasthenia gravis in mammals.

The present invention relates to a complementary peptide having at leasta sequence complementary to a major immunogenic region of anacetylcholine receptor of myasthenia gravis and more particularly for avaccine composition thereof for a therapeutic or a prophylactictreatment of myasthenia gravis, particularly in pets or humans.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized byweakness and fatigability of skeletal muscles. The underlying defect isa decrease in the number of available acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) atneuromuscular junctions due to an antibody-mediated autoimmune attack.

In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized in themotor nerve terminal and stored in vesicles (quanta). When an actionpotential travels down a motor nerve and reaches the nerve terminal, AChfrom 150 to 200 vesicles is released and combines with AChRs that aredensely packed at the peaks of postsynaptic folds.

When ACh combines with the binding sites on the AChR, the channels inthe AChRs open, permitting the rapid entry of cations, chiefly sodium,which produces depolarization at the end-plate region of the musclefiber. If the depolarization is sufficiently large, it initiates anaction potential that is propagated along the muscle fiber, triggeringmuscle contraction. This process is rapidly terminated by hydrolysis ofACh by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and by diffusion of ACh away from thereceptor.

In MG, the fundamental defect is a decrease in the number of availableAChRs at the postsynaptic muscle membrane. In addition, the postsynapticfolds are flattened, or “simplified.” These changes result in decreasedefficiency of neuromuscular transmission. Therefore, although ACh isreleased normally, it produces small end-plate potentials that may failto trigger muscle action potentials. Failure of transmission at manyneuromuscular junctions results in weakness of muscle contraction.

The neuromuscular abnormalities in MG are brought about by an autoimmuneresponse mediated by specific anti-AChR antibodies. The anti-AChRantibodies are called pathogenic antibodies and reduce the number ofavailable AChRs at neuromuscular junctions by three distinct mechanisms:(1) accelerated turnover of AChRs by a mechanism involving cross-linkingand rapid endocytosis of the receptors; (2) blockade of the active siteof the AChR, i.e., the site that normally binds ACh; and (3) damage tothe postsynaptic muscle membrane by the antibody in collaboration withcomplement. The pathogenic antibodies are IgG and are T-cell dependent.

The clinical manifestations of the autoimmune disease MG are correlatedwith the presence of these pathogenic antibodies located at theneuromuscular junction.

Up to date, there exists only a few therapies which are eithersymptomatic treatment or immunotherapy.

These therapies deliver clinical benefit to patients which can be longlasting but requires a fairly involved clinical procedure. Moreover,these current treatment regimens remain only partially effective in manyaffected patients and lifestyle changes are necessary for largepercentages of those with these diseases.

The ideal treatment of autoimmune diseases would be the selectivesuppression of the pathogenic components of the immune response (i.e.the pathogenic antibodies) through the directed anergy or ablation ofautoreactive cell clones.

Vaccination with a peptide designed as an antigen receptor mimetic (ARM)for the major antigens of autoimmunity has shown remarkable clinicalefficacy against animal autoimmune disease models, see U.S. Pat. No.5,212,072.

Such treatment induces the anergy of autoreactive clones specific tothese immunodominant proteins, despite their heterologous origin, aswell as a blunting of the responses against other nearby antigens. Itseems that the use of peptide vaccines whose contours closely complementthose of the major antigens in autoimmunity may lead toantigen-specific, antigen receptor class-indifferent anti-idiotype (Id)responses.

These peptides, termed complementary peptides, can bind the targetdeterminant and in a sense behave as antigen (Ag) receptor mimetics(ARM). Consequently, when used as vaccines they elicit anti-idiotypic(Id) and anti-clonotypic antibody (antibody) responses against thecombining sites of antigen on certain autoreactive lymphocytes

Therefore, myasthenia gravis was studied on rats, in which themyasthenia gravis can be induced in an artificial manner. It is theExperimental Autoimmune myasthenia Gravis (EAMG).

In the EAMG, rats immunized with purified AChR develop a similardisease. Based on the idea that antigen and antibody interact in termsof hydropathic complementarity, it has been sought to induce anti-idimmunity towards the pathogenic antibodies by vaccinating with a peptidecomplementary to the major immunogen region (MIR) of the AChR. The majorimmunogen region of the receptor AChR has been found to be the residues61 to 76 of the α-chain of the receptor AChR. The complementary peptidewas called RhCA 67-16. The rats were vaccinated with the complementarypeptide RhCA 67-16 which was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH). Both serum and monoclonal anti-bodies preparations from animalsvaccinated with the complementary peptide were shown to bind thepathogenic antibodies, and the incidence of the disease in those ratswas greatly diminished in vaccinated animals (25%) compared to KLHimmunized as well as untreated controls (90%), while the clinicalseverity scoring in animals with disease averaged 1.0 in vaccinatedanimals compared to 3.5 in positive controls. Moreover, passiveadministration of monoclonal anti-id antibody to rats during the courseof disease induction similarly reduced EAMG incidence and severity[Araga A et al., Prevention of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravisby a Monoclonal Antibody to a Complementary Peptide for the MainImmunogenic Region of the Acetylcholine Receptor. J Immunol. 157,386-392 (1996)].

In view of the foregoing results of vaccination with the complementarypeptide RhCA 67-16, it has been concluded that the immunogen wasstructurally similar to the paratope of the pathogenic antibodies, andtherefore this vaccine can be considered a B-cell Ag receptor mimetic(ARM).

In order to confirm the results obtained with the complementary peptideRhCA 67-16, a second batch of RhCA 67-16 peptide was produced. Thepeptide of the second batch showed the expected theoretical Molecularweight.

The peptide of the second batch RhCA 67-16 was again tested in rats butunfortunately, the previous obtained good results on the incidence ofthe disease were not observed.

It is an object of the invention to provide a peptide having anantigenic behavior which may be useful in the treatment of myastheniagravis in mammals, in particular in pet dogs and humans (MG beinganecdotal in cats).

To this end, the invention provides a complementary peptidecharacterized in that the complementary peptide has at least a sequenceSEQ. ID. NO1 with a tryptophan in position 8 carrying at least oneoptionally substituted hydrocarbon group.

Advantageously, the sequence of the peptide is complementary to theresidues 61-76 of the α-chain of the AChR. The peptide having at least asequence complementary to the major immunogenic region (MIR) of receptorAChR is the peptide RhCA 67-16. This complementary peptide comprises atryptophan in position 8. It was, to date, not well understood why, butit has been surprisingly found that the hydrocarbon group has a crucialimportance for the binding of the peptide to anti-id antibody to thepathogenic antibodies targeted towards the residues 61-76 of the α-chainof the receptor AChR of dogs.

The optionally substituted hydrocarbon group is preferably an optionallysubstituted aryl group or an optionally substituted alkyl group,particularly an optionally substituted benzyl group, more preferably abenzyl group substituted with at least one alkoxy group, most preferablya 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl group.

Since canine and human MG are characterized as having an AChR antibodies(pathogenic antibodies) response that is predominantly (68%) against theMIR (residues 61-76 of the α-chain of the AChR), it was sought that itcan be advantageous to provide a complementary peptide directed towardsthe MIR, in order to obtain a therapeutic composition which can beuseful for the treatment of MG in mammals in order to develop a furtherhuman vaccine. The canine MG is very similar to the human MG.

The similarities include natural occurrence of the disorder, sharedenvironments between humans and dogs, similar clinical presentations,diagnostic AChR autoantibody of related epitope specificity andco-morbidity of MG with other autoimmune diseases.

It is therefore another object of the invention to provide a therapeuticcomposition comprising the complementary peptide, having at least thesequence SEQ ID NO1 and at least one carrier.

As mentioned here before, in canine and human MG, the pathogenicantibodies are targeted towards the MIR of the AChR. By providing apeptide complementary to this MIR, it should be possible to induceantibodies (anti-idiotypic antibodies) directed towards thecomplementary peptide. The anti-idiotypic antibodies will have anantigenic binding site which would be similar to the MIR of the AChR asthe peptide is complementary to this binding site. Therefore, theanti-idiotypic antibodies shall be able to neutralize the pathogenicantibodies and a B-cell mediated immune response should be induced.

To obtain a composition which would give good results in mammals, it hasbeen required to optimize the composition. Therefore, it has been foundthat the peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO1 should bepresent in an amount ranging from 750 to 25 micrograms, preferably from500 to 50 micrograms, advantageously from 100 to 50 micrograms in 0.5 mlof phosphate buffer saline.

Advantageously, the therapeutic composition is intended to be used as avaccine composition for the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of MG.The vaccine composition preferably comprises an adjuvant and a peptidecarrier in order to boost the immune response. As this composition isintended to increase the B-cell mediated response, it should be usefulto use such adjuvant known in this purpose. Such adjuvants and carriersare well known for the person skilled in the art.

Exemplary adjuvants can be water-in-oil adjuvant, in particularTiterMax®, Alum adjuvant, Freund adjuvant and the like.

Exemplary carriers can be diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, keyholelimpet hemocyanin and the like.

These adjuvants and carriers for the therapeutic application in MG inrats are discussed in details in McAnally J L, Xu L, Villain M, BlalockJE.: The role of adjuvants in the efficacy of a peptide vaccine formyasthenia gravis. Exp Biol Med 2001; 226:307-311, which is incorporatedherein in reference.

It has also been reported that the T-cell immunity response acts inmyasthenia gravis. Indeed, the pathogenic antibodies are IgG-T-celldependent. Therefore, additionally to the AChRα 61-76 region involved inthe B-cell mediated immune response, it was sought that there would beanother region of the receptor which is specifically recognized by theT-cell.

It has been reported in [Araga S. et al., A peptide vaccine thatprevents experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by specificallyblocking T-cell help, FASEB journal vol 14, 2000] that the production ofpathogenic antibodies in the Lewis rat is helped by T-cells specific toresidues 100 to 116 of the α-chain of the AChR. Araga S. et al. havethus immunized Lewis rats with a peptide complementary to the residues100-116 of the α-chain of the receptor AChR (which was called RhCA611-001). It was observed that the resulting anti-ARM antibody/antigenreceptor interactions interfered with autoreactive T-cell help andanergized autoreactive B-cells thus reducing AChR reactive autoantibodytiters which led to marked clinical improvement, lowered mortality andpreservation of AChR levels on muscles in the Lewis rat.

The peptide complementary to these residues 100-116 of the α-chain ofthe receptor AChR is the peptide RhCA 611-001 having at least thesequence SEQ ID NO2.

This peptide was tested in rats in order to determine the potential of atherapeutic vaccine composition comprising the peptide complementary tothe T-cell recognition site of the receptor AChR.

It has been found that the complementary peptide having at least thesequence SEQ ID NO2 can be a likely candidate in a therapeuticcomposition for MG.

Hence, it has been thought that a combination of the complementaryB-peptide RhCA 67-16 and a peptide complementary to a T-cell recognitionsite can result in a reduced incidence of EAMG in rats.

Unfortunately, (see comparative example 3) the incidence and theseverity of EAMG in rats were not reduced by the combination of bothpeptides (either sequentially or simultaneously).

When both peptides were administered together, in rats, the averageseverity and the % mortality were similar to the values observed withthe peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO2 suggesting thatthere was no synergic effect of both peptides in rats.

Although the AChR is highly conserved during evolution and although theT-cell immunity is, on its turn, very species-dependent, it wassurprisingly found that a composition comprising the complementarypeptide having at least the sequence SED ID NO1 and the peptide havingat least the sequence SEQ ID NO2, which sequence is complementary to aT-cell recognition site of the acetylcholine receptor, as well as atleast one carrier provides an enhanced effect on MG in dogs.

Indeed, a synergic effect of B-complementary peptide and ofT-complementary peptide was found in dogs.

This result is even more surprising considering the fact that thepeptide having a least the sequence SEQ ID NO2 is complementary of aT-cell recognition site of AChR in rats. The T-cell immunity, althoughAChR is highly conserved during evolution, ought to be different in ratsand in dogs.

Advantageously, the sequence SEQ ID NO2 is complementary to residues 100to 116 of an α-chain of said T-cell recognition site of theacetylcholine receptor.

The production of the pathogenic antibodies is helped by T-cells,specific to residues 100-116 of the α-chain of the receptor AChR.

Advantageously, the vaccine composition comprises from 750 to 25micrograms, preferably from 500 to 50 micrograms, advantageously from100 to 50 micrograms of each peptide having at least the sequence SEQ IDNO1 and/or SEQ ID NO2, respectively, in 0.5 ml of phosphate buffersaline with at least one adjuvant.

Preferably both peptides are coupled with a peptide carrier being thesame or different.

According to a variant embodiment of the invention, the compositioncomprising both peptides comprises a first and a second formulation.

The first formulation comprises the peptide having at least the sequenceSEQ ID NO1 according to the invention and the second formulationcomprises the peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO2.

Advantageously, each first and second formulation comprisesindependently from 750 to 25 micrograms, preferably 500 to 50micrograms, advantageously from 100 to 50 micrograms of complementarypeptide in 0.5 ml phosphate buffer saline with at least one adjuvant.

Preferably the peptide of each formulation should be coupled with asuitable peptide carrier.

The composition comprising the first and the second formulation isprovided to be used as a vaccine composition for the therapeutic orprophylactic treatment of MG in mammals, each formulation being intendedto be administered simultaneously or sequentially.

In each variant embodiment, the composition is provided for theinduction of an activation of cell mediated immunity depending on B andT lymphocytes.

The invention also provides a detection kit comprising the complementarypeptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO1 provided for detectinganti-idiotypic antibodies of the major immunogenic region of myastheniagravis.

The peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO1 is advantageously inthe state of a peptide complex for being used as coating complex in anElisa test, for the binding of anti-idiotypic antibodies in sera of petdogs or human, immunized with the composition according to theinvention. A phosphatase alkaline labeled human or dog anti IgG shouldbe added to the wells of an Elisa plate to reveal the binding andtherefore detect antibodies anti-id with a chromogen substrate.

Alternatively, the anti IgG can be labeled with a horseradishperoxidase.

In a variant the peptide is directly in the state of a peptidic complexcomprising on one hand the peptide having at least the sequence SEQ IDNO1 and on the other hand a label like a phosphatase alkaline label or aperoxidase label for being use in an Elisa Test or in a Western blot forthe detection of anti-idiotypic antibodies.

It is also an object of the invention to provide a method formanufacturing a complementary peptide having at least the sequence SEQID NO1, comprising the steps of:

-   -   synthesizing of the complementary peptide having at least the        sequence SEQ ID NO1, and    -   hydrocarboning a tryptophan residue located in position 8, in        said sequence SEQ ID NO1.

It is still an object of the invention to provide a method formanufacturing a medicament to be applied in myasthenia gravis comprisingthe steps of:

-   -   synthesizing the complementary peptide having at least the        sequence SEQ ID NO1, and    -   coupling of the complementary peptide having at least the        sequence SEQ ID NO1 with at least one carrier.

It is still a further object of the invention to provide a method formanufacturing a medicament to be applied in myasthenia gravis comprisingthe steps of:

-   -   synthesizing the complementary peptide having at least the        sequence SEQ ID NO1,    -   synthesizing the complementary peptide having at least the        sequence SEQ ID NO 2, and    -   coupling of both complementary peptide with at least one        carrier.

In a variant embodiment, the invention provides a method formanufacturing a medicament to be applied in myasthenia gravis comprisingthe steps of:

-   -   manufacturing a first formulation by synthesizing the        complementary peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO1,        and by coupling it with at least one carrier, and    -   manufacturing a second formulation by synthesizing the        complementary peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO2,        and by coupling it with at least one carrier.

Advantageously, it is also an object to the invention to relate to amethod for manufacturing a medicament intended for therapeutic orprophylactic application in myasthenia gravis comprising the steps of:

-   -   synthesis of the complementary peptide of SEQ ID NO1    -   synthesis of the complementary peptide of SEQ ID NO2    -   coupling of the complementary peptides with a carrier    -   mixing of both complementary peptides coupled to the carrier        with a saline solution and an adjuvant.

Other embodiments according to the invention are further described inthe enclosed claims.

The invention also relates to a method of treatment of myasthenia gravisin mammals comprising the administration of a therapeutic compositioncomprising the complementary peptide having at least the sequence SEQ IDNO1 and optionally the complementary peptide having at least thesequence SEQ ID NO2.

As aforementioned, the complementary peptide having at least thesequence SEQ ID NO1 is complementary to the major immunogenic region(MIR) of the residues 61-76 of the α-chain of the acetylcholine receptor(AChR) of myasthenia gravis (MG).

The sequence of the residues 61-76 of the α-chain of the acetylcholinereceptor (AChR α 61-76) is the following:

NH₂-Ile-Asp-Val-Arg-Leu-Arg-Trp-Asn-Pro-Ala-Asp-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Ile-Lys

The peptide complementary to the AChR α 61-76 has the following sequenceand was called RhCA 67-16

Asn-Ile-His-Pro-Lys-Ala-Pro-Ile-Trp-Gly-Ile-Ile-Thr-Ser-Asn-Phe-NH₂

Therefore, SEQ ID NO1 is the following:

NH₂-Phe-Asn-Ser-Thr-Ile-Ile-Gly-Trp-Ile-Pro-Ala-Lys-Pro-His-Ile-Asn

The peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO1 was synthesized on aBiosearch Peptide Synthesizer, Model 9500, using f-moc chemistry and waspurified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography using aDynamax C18 300 angstrom 15μ column (19×300 mm) and a gradient of 90%H₂O (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid)/10% acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroaceticacid) to 10% H₂O (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid)/90% acetonitrile (0.1%trifluoroacetic acid) over 60 minutes at a flow rate=5 ml/min, theretention time being 39-42 minutes and the molecular weight of thepeptide with a 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl was 1988.

The RhCA 67-16 which is the ARM peptide for AChR α 61-76 comprises atryptophan in position 8 which is hydrocarbonated, preferably alkylatedor arylated. The hydrocarbon group suitable for such an hydrocarbonationcan be selected in the group consisting in an optionally substitutedaryl group and an optionally substituted alkyl group, particularly anoptionally substituted benzyl group, preferably a benzyl groupsubstituted with at least one alkoxy group, more preferably a2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl group.

Preferably, the hydrocarbon group is a 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl group andthe chemical sequence is the following

The B-cell peptide was synthesized and a 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl groupwas added to the tryptophan in position 8 by adding T mob when cleavingthe peptide from the solid support under acidic condition (for exampleduring elution with trifluoroacetic acid).

The hydrocarbonation, particularly the arylation of the peptide occursduring the cleavage of the peptide from the solid support under acidiccondition in the presence of Tmob. The peptide RhCA 67-16 was coupled tokeyhole limpet hemacyanin (KLH) as a carrier protein as previouslydescribed. The KLH was coupled to the B-cell peptide using aglutaraldehyde conjugation in order to preserve the chemical, physicaland biological features of both KLH and peptide. The B-cell peptide andthe carrier protein (KLH) are added to a glutaraldehyde solution. Thereaction is shown hereunder:

The glutaraldehyde does not react with the proteins or the peptidesunder its free form, but as an unsaturated polymer, which gives iminobonds stabilized by conjugation.

According to the invention, the carrier protein can be theaforementioned KLH, but it has to be understood that other carrierproteins can be used, such as, for example, diphtheria toxoid or Tetanustoxoid or any big molecule of protein nature that acts as a support forthe peptide so that the peptide is not alone and too small. Hence, thepeptide with the carrier protein will not be immediately destroyed bythe immunologic system and is more imunogenic.

One skilled in the art should also understand in view of theaforementioned that both peptides (B-cell peptide and T-cell peptide)can be coupled to the same carrier protein or to different carrierprotein, being of identical or different nature.

For the present study, the clinical trials were done in dogs. A singledose of vaccine comprised 500 micrograms in 0.5 ml phosphate bufferedsaline of the peptide RhCA 67-16-KLH conjugate, emulsified in 0.5 ml ofan water-in-oil adjuvant, preferably TiterMax™ adjuvant (TiterMax USA,Inc., Norcross, Ga.).

The peptide having the sequence SEQ ID NO 2 is complementary to theT-cell epitope (residues 100-116) of the α-chain of the AChR. Thepeptide was synthesized on a Biosearch Peptide Synthesizer, Model 9500,using f-moc chemistry and was purified by reverse-phase high performanceliquid chromatography using a Dynamax C18 300 angstrom 15μ column(19×300 mm) and a gradient of 90% H₂O (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid)/10%acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) to 10% H₂O (0.1%trifluoroacetic acid)/90% acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) over60 minutes at a flow rate=5 ml/min, the retention time is 18-20 minutesand the MW is 2036.

The complementary peptide having SEQ ID NO 2 has the following sequence:

NH₂-Tyr-Phe-Ser-Arg-Ile-Ile-Gln-Lys-Gln-Phe-Gly-His-Val-Asn-Asn-Gly-Lys

As previously described, the peptide RhCA 67-16 also called hereinB-peptide and the peptide RhCA 611-001 also referred herein T-peptidewere tested alone on rats. The results indicated that either B-peptidealone or T-peptide alone give a significant decrease in the pathogenicantibodies level. When tested in non published trials on rats, B andT-peptides together did not give better results in the pathogenicantibodies levels than when T-peptide alone was administrated. Theseresults indicated that there was no synergic effect in rats when usingboth peptides.

The present invention provides results in dogs which indicates thatthere is an unexpected synergic effect when both peptides were used indogs either in a simultaneous or in a sequentially administration.

The invention will be further detailed in the following non limitingexamples.

EXAMPLE 1 Materials and Methods

Twenty nine dogs diagnosed with autoimmune MG with positive AChRantibody titers (>0.6 nM) by an established clinical radioimmunoassaywere initially enrolled in the study. Five animals (17%) died ofaspiration pneumonia and one died acutely following surgery for athymoma prior to complete vaccination. The death rate in the presentstudy is comparable to the 6/35 (17%) and 2/12 (17%) reported previouslyin the historical controls. Three dogs were lost to follow-up and fourwere dropped from the study for noncompliance; one was withdrawn fromthe study by the owner before complete vaccination because of a skinreaction at the site of immunization. Five animals spontaneouslyremitted after diagnosis but before the initiation of vaccination. Thus,10 dogs (5 males and 5 females, 1 to 10 years old) completed the studyand none of these animals had thymoma or were on corticosteroids orother immunosuppressants. The time from onset of clinical symptoms toconfirmed diagnosis with AChR antibody assay for these animals was 2 to4 weeks. Remission is defined as long term return of the AChR antibodiestiter to the normal range (<0.6 nM) with clinical normality in theabsence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Transient remission refersto one or more measurements of AChR antibody titers below 0.6 nM priorto complete resolution of MG and long term return of AChR antibody tonormal values. Pet owners gave informed consent and the study wasapproved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of theUniversity of Florida.

The various vaccine compositions listed in table 1 were used in thetrials.

TABLE 1 Dog trial compositions peptide of peptide of phosphate No. SEQID NO1 SEQ ID NO2 saline composition (micrograms) (micrograms) carrierbuffer adjuvant 1 500 0 KLH 0.5 ml Titer Max ® 2 0 500 KLH 0.5 ml TiterMax ® 3 500 500 KLH 0.5 ml Titer Max ®

In the clinical trials on dogs, the compositions were administeredsubcutaneously at a minimum of four sites. Vaccinations were initiatedat the time of confirmed diagnosis up to four months post diagnosis forcertain animals. Animals were immunized and boosted at 2 week intervals.

The purpose of the present invention was to evaluate the aforementionedT and B-cell vaccines for the ability to diminish AChR antibody levelsas compared to historical controls in a clinical trial in spontaneouslyacquired autoimmune MG in pet dogs (Shelton G D et al., Neurology 2001;(57): 2139-2141). A control group of myasthenic pet dogs immunized withcarrier protein (without ARM peptides) in adjuvant was not included atthis time because of the probable lack of benefit based on rat EAMGstudies (Araga S, et al.) of carrier protein without coupledcomplementary peptide in 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer saline withadjuvant.

All statistical analyses were performed using Instat biostatisticssoftware (GraphPad software, San Diego, Calif.). For comparison of serumantibody values and times to remission between groups, unpaired t-testswere used except when the limitations of the dataset indicated the useof the unpaired t-test with Welch correction or the Mann-Whitney test;the null hypothesis was that vaccination did not decrease AChR antibodytiters or time to remission. Paired t-tests were used for the analysisof serum antibody titers before and after vaccination. For endpointevaluations such as remission statistics, contingency table analysis wasperformed with Fisher's exact test.

Results

Prospective Outcomes

The prospectively studied historical control group consisted of 40myasthenic dogs of both sexes of whom 35 were followed long-term andoutcomes were known. These animals were identified as AChR antibodypositive in a cohort of 152 dogs with idiopathic megaesophagus. Theseanimals were compared to the 20 dogs (excluding the animal that diedfollowing surgery for thymoma) from our study for whom the outcome wasknown. The AChR antibody assays were performed by the same veterinaryservice (UC San Diego, Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory) for alldogs (historical controls and the present study).

TABLE 2 Prospective outcomes for vaccinated myasthenic dogs andhistorical controls Not Aspiration Total Remitted Remitted EuthanasiaPneumonia Group Dogs (%) (%) (%) Death (%) Historical 35  6 (17%) 11(31%) 12 (34%) 6 (17%) Controls Vaccinated 20 15 (75%)^(A) 0^(B) 0^(C) 5(25%)^(D) ^(A)p < 0.0001, ^(B)p = 0.0044, ^(C)p = 0.0022, and ^(D)p =0.504, all by Fisher's exact test. Each comparison considers dogs withindicated outcomes against all other dogs in the group.

Table 2 shows that there was no significant difference between thenumber of animals that died of aspiration pneumonia or choking in ourpopulation as compared to the historical controls (25% vs. 17%,respectively). Five of 20 dogs in our study spontaneously remitted tolong-term AChR antibody levels in the normal range (<0.6 nM) afterdiagnosis but before vaccination. Thus, there was also no difference inthe spontaneous remission rate between the two groups (25% vs. 17%).These results suggest that the two cohorts are well matched. Asignificant difference was in the number of euthanized animals. Twelvedogs (34%) in the historical control group were euthanized due to thepoor prognosis that was given. No animals in the clinical trialsaccording to the invention were euthanized. There was a highlysignificant difference in overall long-term remission rates between thetwo groups. While the historical controls had only 6 of 35 dogs (17%)remit with AChR antibody levels returning to the normal range 75% of the20 vaccinated dogs remitted. Considering only animals that survivedaspiration pneumonia or euthanasia, the historical control had aremission rate of 35% (6/17) versus the 100% remission rate (15/15)(p<0.0001) in the present study. This increased remission rate wasentirely accounted for by the 10 out of 10 dogs that remitted inassociation with vaccination. If we consider the best possible scenariofor the historical controls and the worst possible scenario forvaccinated animals, there is still significantly increased remission.Specifically, if the 5 dogs lost to follow-up in the control group wereassumed to have remitted (11 of 40 remitted, 27.5%) while the 9 dogs inour group either lost to follow-up or dropped from the study wereassumed to have not remitted (15 of 29 remitted, 51.7%), vaccinationstill caused a statistically significant increase in the remission rate(p=0.0482, Fisher's Exact Test).

Vaccination leads to an accelerated time to remission when compared tospontaneous recovery from canine MG.

The historical control group consisted of 47 myasthenic dogs thatspontaneously remitted, were analyzed retrospectively, and werecomparable to the 10 vaccinated animals in several important respects.The dogs in both groups were not treated with corticosteroids or otherimmunosuppressants; the AChR antibody assays were performed by the sameveterinary service; the time elapsed from clinical signs to confirmeddiagnosis for vaccinated dogs (2 to 4 weeks) fell within the period forhistorical controls (1 week to 5 months); and the two groups consistedof roughly comparable ratios of males and females with similar ageranges and were studied during an overlapping period of time (historicalcontrol, 1990-2000 and vaccinated animals, 1997-2003).

Interestingly, in evaluating the data set for the historical controls,the AChR antibody levels were observed to follow one of two courses.Some cases had a monophasic decline in AChR antibody levels that led toremission, while others showed a fluctuating pattern of increasing anddecreasing AChR antibody levels prior to long term remission. AChRantibody levels with time in vaccinated dogs also segregated into one orthe other of these same two groups (see below). Thus appropriateanalysis dictated that comparisons should be made within groups.

FIG. 1 (upper panel) shows that at the time of confirmed diagnosis ofdogs showing a monophasic decline, there was not a statisticaldifference in AChR antibody levels between the vaccinated group (n=5)and historical controls (n=40). However, the vaccinated group showed anaccelerated rate of decline in AChR antibody titers. This was mirroredby a faster rate of remission in the vaccinated group (FIG. 1, middlepanel). This accelerated remission among vaccinated dogs is most evidentat the 3 month time point, where the relative likelihood of remissionwas 3.56 for vaccinated dogs vs. controls by Fisher's exact test(p=0.019).

FIG. 2 shows the AChR antibody levels with time after confirmeddiagnosis for historical controls (2 a) and vaccinated animals (2 b)showing a fluctuating pattern of autoantibody concentrations. While theinitial AChR antibody titers (nM±SEM) were not significantly differentbetween the vaccinated dogs (5.98±2.33) and historical controls(4.54±1.4), there appeared to be a marked diminution in the overallamplitude of the fluctuations for the vaccinated dogs at times postdiagnosis. In contrast, the mean time to long term remission was thesame for the two groups. Thus it seems that while the duration of thedisease is the same in the two groups, vaccinated dogs may spend moretime in remission during the course of the disease. This was borne outby the observation that 100% (5/5) of vaccinated dogs as compared with29% (2/7) of historical controls had at least one period of remissionbefore complete resolution of disease. To assure that the increase inanimals showing a transient return to normal AChR antibody levels wasnot due to more frequent sampling of the vaccinated group relative tothe historical controls (sampling at 3 month intervals), the AChRantibody levels were considered only at 3 month intervals postdiagnosis. The results showed that 5/5 vaccinated dogs versus 2/7historical controls had at least one blood sample within the normalrange (<0.6 nM) for AChR antibodies after vaccination and beforecomplete resolution of disease. In total, there were 8 episodes ofnormal AChR antibody titers in the 5 vaccinated animals [1 dog with 3, 1dog with 2 and 3 dogs with 1 episode(s)] compared to 3 episodes in the 7historical controls [1 dog with 2, 1 dog with 1 and 5 dogs with 0episode(s)]. Thus the mean number of episodes of transient remissionsper dog per 3 month interval was significantly higher (p<0.0251,Mann-Whitney Test) in the vaccinated animals than the historicalcontrols (FIG. 2 d).

Prior to long term resolution of MG and considering all available bloodsamples (not simply the 3 month intervals), four of five vaccinated dogswith oscillating levels of AChR antibodies showed more than one episodeof transient remission (2 animals with 3 episodes and 2 animals with 2episodes, total of 10) which corresponded to the initiation of a courseof vaccination.

FIG. 3 (upper panel) shows a highly significant correlation (r=0.955,p<0.0001) between the time of initiation of a vaccine course and thetime of the beginning of the subsequent period of remission. Thustemporally, vaccination is very strongly associated with transientremission and is independent of when the vaccination is initiatedrelative to diagnosis. Importantly, the Y intercept for thisrelationship is 2.4 months which corresponds very closely to the meantime to remission (2.35±0.96 months) of vaccinated dogs showing amonophasic decline in AChR antibody titers (FIG. 1, lower panel). Whenthis data is analyzed as the time elapsed between vaccination andremission, the mean time to remission was 1.775±0.43 months (lower andupper 95% CI's=0.805 and 2.745, respectively). This is not statisticallydifferent than the mean time to remission for dogs that were vaccinatedand showed a monophasic decline (FIG. 1, lower panel). Thus regardlessof the pattern of AChR antibody levels, vaccination leads to a verysimilar time to remission suggesting a similar mechanism may be involvedin both courses.

There was also a quantitative relationship between single vaccinationevents and a reduction of AChR antibody levels at the next sampling time(2 to 4 weeks) that was observed in all 5 dogs with fluctuating AChRantibody titers. Of 35 vaccination events, 28 (80%) resulted in adiminution in AChR antibody titer (FIG. 3, lower panel). The 7vaccination events that did not lower AChR antibody levels weredistributed among the 5 animals with one being observed for each of 3dogs and 2 for each of 2. Overall, the mean AChR antibody levelsdeclined from 1.63±0.21 before to 1.14±0.17 nM after vaccination(P=0.0015, two-tailed Paired t Test).

Combined administration of T and B-cell vaccines is superior to theirsequential administration.

The vaccination protocol was performed in one of two ways. The T andB-cell vaccines were given at the same time or a course of 3 T-cellvaccine doses at 2 week intervals was followed by 3 B-cell vaccine dosesat 2 week intervals. Since the mean time between vaccination andlong-term remission for dogs showing a monophasic decline (2.35 months,FIG. 1) was not different than the mean time between initiation of avaccination course and subsequent transient remission for dogs withfluctuating AChR antibody levels (2.4 months, FIG. 3) and in this latergroup was independent of the time of vaccination post diagnosis,comparisons were possible for the efficacy of the two vaccinationprotocols regardless of the pattern of AChR antibody levels. FIG. 4'supper panel shows that the mean time to the first remission (either longterm or transient) following the initiation of vaccination approachedsignificance (p=0.0639, unpaired t-test with Welch correction) and was2.7 times faster when the T and B-cell vaccines were administeredsimultaneously rather than sequentially. Furthermore, when vaccines wereadministered sequentially only 4 of 7 animals showed a remissionfollowing T-cell vaccination alone. Also, on average, more vaccinationsper animal were required when the T and B-cell vaccines were givensequentially (3.86±1.06) as opposed to simultaneously (2.67±0.333) toachieve a remission. When we factor in the number of T and/or B ARMvaccine doses to achieve a remission, together with the time toremission, there is a significant decrease (p=0.0167, two-tailedMann-Whitney test) in the time to remission per dose when the vaccinesare administered simultaneously rather than sequentially (FIG. 4, lowerpanel). Thus, optimal efficacy appears to require that both vaccines beadministered together. Since the same adjuvant (TiterMax®) and carrierprotein (KLH) were used in both vaccination protocols, it is unlikelythat they were responsible for the effect. If so, one would haveexpected to observe similar mean times to first remission following thesame amount of vaccines for the two protocols. Consequently, the vaccineeffect is dependent on the T and B ARM peptides and independent of theadjuvant and carrier and in spontaneous MG in dogs it effectively takesa combination of B and T-cell vaccine to bring the fast remission weobserve.

The average time at which 50% of the animals remitted was 2 months. Thisaverage remission time is 3.2 times faster than the historical controls(6.4 months).

EXAMPLE 2 Comparative Example in Lewis Rats

Lewis rats were immunized with purified AChR in order to develop anexperimental autoimmune M.G. Then Lewis rats were treated with B andT-peptides conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Both serum andpreparations from animals vaccinated with the complementary peptide wereshown to bind the pathogenic antibodies. With B-peptide composition, theincidence of the disease was greatly reduced in vaccinated animals (25%)compared to KLH immunized as well as untreated controls (90%), while theclinical severity scoring in animals with disease averaged 0.25 invaccinated animals compared to 1.3 in positive controls. With T-peptidecomposition, the incidence of the disease was also reduced in vaccinatedanimals (55%) compared to KLH immunized as well as untreated controls(89%), while the clinical severity scoring in animals with diseaseaveraged 1.2 in vaccinated animals compared to 2.5 in positive controls.

Moreover, passive administration of monoclonal anti-id antibody to ratsduring the course of disease induction similarly reduced EAMG incidenceand severity (Araga et al, 1996). The results are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Collected results from the animal model trials for ARM vaccinefor EAMG EAMG Disease incidence Disease severity controls (n) treated(n) controls (n) treated (n) B-peptide 90% (39) 25% (16) 1.3 (39) 0.25(39) composition T-peptide 89% (18) 55% (18) 2.5 (18)  1.2 (18)composition

EXAMPLE 3 Comparative Example on Lewis Rats

To evaluate whether vaccination with T-peptide together with B-peptidewith an hydrocarbon group causes a different effect on experimentalautoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) than either B with an hydrocarbongroup and T-peptide alone and separately, Lewis rats were immunizedthree times with keyhole limpet hemacyanin (KLH) or T-peptide orB-peptide with an hydrocarbon group coupled to KLH either alone or incombination. EAMG was then induced with purified Torpedo AChR anddisease was monitored.

The results are presented in Table 4 wherein it can be seen that eitherT-peptide or B-peptide alone reduced the EAMG incidence, severity andmortality as compared to control rats immunized with KLH. Simultaneousvaccination with T-peptide together with B-peptide caused a minor andstatistically insignificant benefit relative to either peptide vaccinealone. Therefore, in the Lewis rat, the simultaneous vaccination withboth T and B-peptides neither increased nor diminished the efficacy ofeither peptide vaccine alone suggesting that there is no synergic effectin rats of these both peptides.

TABLE 4 Mor- EAMG Severity Average tality Incidence Vaccine 0 1 2 3 4Severity (%) (%) KLH 3 2 1 4 2.00 ± 0.58 40.00 70.00 T-peptide 4 3 21.22 ± 0.55 22.22 55.56 B-peptide 4 2 1 2 1.33 ± 0.55 22.22 55.56 T and5 2 1 2 1.20 ± 0.51 20.00 50.00 B-peptide

Consequently, canine and human MG, as well as EAMG in rats, arecharacterized as having an AChR antibody response that is predominantly(68%) against the MIR. Furthermore, MIR-specific-antibodies canpassively transfer a myasthenic phenotype. Considering this togetherwith the ability of the B-cell vaccine to induce an anti-idiotypicantibody response to MIR-specific-antibodies and B-cells in rat EAMG,lowering AChR antibody levels and ameliorating disease, it does not seemparticularly surprising that this vaccine diminished AChR antibodylevels in dogs. Such efficacy in rat EAMG, as well as spontaneouslyacquired canine MG coupled with a predominant anti-MIR antibody responsein human MG, suggests a potential utility of the B-peptide vaccine inthe human disease. Indeed, naturally occurring anti-idiotypic antibodiesagainst AChR antibodies has been reported in 40% of human MG patients,and its presence is associated with lower anti-AChR antibody titers andclinical improvement.

Moreover, the vaccine designed against the dominant T-cell epitope ofthe AChR for the Lewis rat is apparently effective in dogs. One possiblescenario is that anti-clonotypic antibodies against the T-cell vaccinemay induce or expand the newly described and naturally occurringCD25+CD4+regulatory T-cells via an interaction with their T-cellreceptor. If this were the case, these cells would specifically reactwith AChR α100-116 but would nonspecifically suppress other autoreactiveT-cells for more dominant epitopes of the AChR at the neuromuscularjunction. Such a mechanism, if operational, would suggest that thevaccines may be effective against human as well as canine MG.

These positive results in a second species raise hope for the eventualapplication of these vaccines in humans with ad hoc carrier/adjuvant.Should these yield the same results as the present study, ARM vaccinesmay represent a new class of targeted therapies that can driveautoimmune diseases into long-term remission.

For a prophylactic or a therapeutic treatment in humans, the bestcarrier and adjuvant suitable for human use were determined.

All the animal experiments were carried out with the same peptides thatwill be used in human and that are the subject of this application.

During the experiments they were coupled to different carriers andcombined with different adjuvants. It is proven that the carriers andadjuvant are necessary but that their real nature is not of primaryimportance. Experiments were carried out to prove that a combination toa carrier and an adjuvant suitable for human use was working as well asor even better than carrier and adjuvant easy to manage and use in labswith animal experiments (McAnally J. L. et al, 2000). Table 5:Prevention of EAMG with B-cell Arm vaccine with different combination ofcarrier protein and adjuvant

EAMG Disease incidence Disease severity controls (n) treated (n)controls (n) treated (n) KLH in CFA 40% (10) 0.50 (10) KLH in IFA 86%(7) 1.57 (7) KLH in Alum 60% (10) 0.90 (10) DT in CFA 40% (10) 0.60 (10)DT in IFA 89% (9) 1.33. (9) DT in Alum 50% (10) 0.50 (10) PBS 100% (10)2.10 (10)The combination DT/alum gave the faster peak respond than KLH/alum andit was also slightly more effective against EAMG (McAnally et al, 2000).Although the preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosedfor illustrative purpose, those skilled in the art will appreciate thatvarious modifications, additions or substitutions are possible, withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in theaccompanying claims.

1. Complementary peptide having at least a sequence complementary to amajor immunogenic region of an acetylcholine receptor involved inmyasthenia gravis, characterized in that the complementary peptide hasat least a sequence SEQ. ID. NO1 with a tryptophan in position 8,carrying at least one optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. 2.Complementary peptide according to claim 1, wherein said at least oneoptionally substituted hydrocarbon group is preferably an optionallysubstituted aryl group or an optionally substituted alkyl group,particularly an optionally substituted benzyl group, more preferably abenzyl group substituted with at least one alcoxy group, most preferablya 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl group.
 3. Complementary peptide according toclaim 1, wherein the sequence SEQ ID NO1 is complementary to residues 61to 76 of an α-chain of said main immunogenic region of the acetylcholinereceptor.
 4. Therapeutic composition comprising the complementarypeptide according to claim 1 and at least one carrier.
 5. Therapeuticcomposition comprising the complementary peptide according to claim 1and a complementary peptide having at least a sequence SEQ ID NO2, whichsequence is complementary to a T-cell recognition site of theacetylcholine receptor, as well as at least one carrier.
 6. Therapeuticcomposition according to claim 5, wherein the sequence SEQ ID NO2 iscomplementary to residues 100 to 116 of an α-chain of said T-cellrecognition site of the acetylcholine receptor.
 7. Therapeuticcomposition according to claim 5 comprising a first and a secondformulation, the first formulation comprising said complementary peptidehaving at least the sequence SEQ ID NO1 with at least one carrier, thesecond formulation comprising said complementary peptide having at leastthe sequence SEQ ID NO2 with at least one carrier.
 8. Therapeuticcomposition according to claim 4 comprising from 750 to 25 micrograms,preferably from 500 to 50 micrograms, advantageously from 100 to 50micrograms of said complementary peptide having at least the sequenceSEQ ID NO1 in 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer saline with at least oneadjuvant.
 9. Therapeutic composition according to claim 5 comprisingfrom 750 to 25 micrograms, preferably from 500 to 50 micrograms,advantageously from 100 to 50 micrograms of each complementary peptidein 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer saline with at least one adjuvant. 10.Therapeutic composition according to claim 7 wherein the firstformulation comprises from 750 to 25 micrograms, preferably from 500 to50 micrograms, advantageously from 100 to 50 micrograms of thecomplementary peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO1 in 0.5 mlof phosphate buffer saline with at least one adjuvant and the secondformulation comprises from 750 to 25 micrograms, preferably from 500 to50 micrograms, advantageously from 100 to 50 micrograms of thecomplementary peptide having the sequence SEQ ID NO 2 in 0.5 ml ofphosphate buffer saline with at least one adjuvant.
 11. A method ofmanufacturing a vaccine to be used in a therapeutic or prophylactictreatment of myasthenia gravis in mammals using the compositionaccording to claim
 4. 12. The method according to claim 11 wherein thevaccine induces an activation of cell mediated immunity depending on Blymphocytes.
 13. A method of manufacturing a vaccine to be used in atherapeutic or prophylactic treatment of myasthenia gravis in mammalsusing the composition according to claim
 5. 14. The method according toclaim 13, wherein the vaccine induces an activation of cell mediatedimmunity depending on B and T lymphocytes.
 15. A method of manufacturinga vaccine to be used in a therapeutic or prophylactic treatment ofmyasthenia gravis in mammals using the composition according to claim 7,said first and second formulations being to be administeredsimultaneously or sequentially.
 16. The method according to claim 15,wherein the vaccine induces an activation of cell mediated immunitydepending on B and T lymphocytes.
 17. Detection kit comprising thecomplementary peptide according to claim 1 for detecting anti-idiotypicantibodies of the major immunogenic region of myasthenia gravis. 18.Method for manufacturing said complementary peptide having at least thesequence SEQ ID NO1, according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:synthesizing of the complementary peptide having at least the sequenceSEQ ID NO1, and hydrocarbonating a tryptophan residue located inposition 8, in said sequence SEQ ID NO1.
 19. Method for manufacturing amedicament to be applied in myasthenia gravis comprising the steps of:synthesizing the complementary peptide having at least the sequence SEQID NO1 according to claim 1, and coupling of the complementary peptidehaving at least the sequence SEQ ID NO1 with at least one carrier. 20.Method for manufacturing a medicament to be applied in myasthenia graviscomprising the steps of: synthesizing the complementary peptide havingat least the sequence SEQ ID NO1 according to claim 1, synthesizing thecomplementary peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO 2, andmixing of both complementary peptides with at least one carrier. 21.Method for manufacturing a medicament to be applied in myasthenia graviscomprising the steps of: manufacturing the first formulation bysynthesizing the complementary peptide having at least the sequence SEQID NO1 according to claim 1, and by coupling it with at least a carrier,and manufacturing the second formulation by synthesizing thecomplementary peptide having at least the sequence SEQ ID NO2, and bycoupling it with at least a carrier.
 22. Method of treatment ofmyasthenia gravis in mammals comprising the administration of atherapeutic composition according to claim 4.